Ethics and human interferace
Questions to ask from yourself point view perception angle
Types of question like situational based how would you do or react or your view on this
What is good for individual and society
Ethics is about moral values and Choices
Rules and regulations
Philosophy of ideal and good life
Principles of right conduct
Human behaviour
Imp of ethics in human life
Prescribe standard of eight and wrong
Solving moral dillema
Improve thinking,perspective,and judgement
Determines our action and inaction
Ethics helps make society better
The essence of ethics can be understood as follows:
1. It is concerned about what is right, fair, just or good; about what we ought to do, not just about what is most acceptable or expedient.
II. It is a set of standards that a society places on itself and which helps in guiding behaviour, choices and actions of its members.
III. It endeavours to analyse and evaluate the principles embodied in various alternatives for conduct and social order.
IV. The scope of ethics includes only voluntary human actions. This means the actions done by human consciously, deliberately and in view of an end. It is concerned about that part of human conduct for which human has some personal responsibility.
Ethics is not morality a person can reaming moral all by himself without accounting for morality of others
Ethics is not religion applies on all
Ethics is not law
Ethics is not intuitive or feeling based
Is a system of moral Principles that Determines how people make decision and leads their life's
Determination of ethical behaviour
Internal conscience education morals upbringing
External family nation legal system organization education
Ethical behaviour in business
Personal ethics decision making process leadership org culture unrealistic performance goals
Consequences of ethics
For society justice and inclusion good governance peace and harmony healthy society equitable and inclusive development
For individual Credibility accomplishment acceptability and likeability positive Outlook towards society happiness descion making interpersonal relation
3d approach comptlrehensive to ethics
Theory norms rational judgements practical habits virtues practice
Goods Human fullfilment excellence moral useful peasant goods
Dimension and scope of ethics
Meta or comparing ethics
Applied ethics bio , cyber ethics international ethics environmental
Prescriptive ethics teleological virtue deontological
Consequences teleological
Egoism oneself epistemism knowledge nationalism the nation utilitarianism happiness
An alternative division of meta-ethical views is into:
Moral Absolutism: the ethical belief
that there are absolute standards against which moral questions can be judged, and that certain actions are right or wrong, regardless of the context of the act.
Moral Universalism: the meta-ethical
position that there is a universal ethic which applies all the time to all people, regardless of culture, race, sex, religion, nationality, sexuality or other distinguishing feature.
Moral Relativism: the position that moral orethical propositions do not reflect objective and/or universal moral truths, but instead make claims relative to social, cultural, historical or personal circumstances.
Applied ethics medical bio legal business environment informational media ethics
Rights approach: Important Points
Identifies certain interests or activities that our behavior must respect, especially those areas of our lives that are of such value to us that they merit protection from others.
Each person has a fundamental right to be respected and treated as a free and equal rational person capable of making his or her own decisions.
This implies other rights (e.g., privacy, free consent, freedom of conscience, etc.) that must be protected if a person is to have the freedom to direct his or her own life.
Keep in mind that it is often difficult to agree on exactly which rights we have.
The principle states: "An action or policy is morally right only if those persons affected by the decision are not used merely as instruments for advancing some goal, but are fully informed and treated only as they have freely and knowingly consented to be treated.
Utilitarian Approach: Important Points:
Focuses on the consequences that actions or policies have on the well-being ("utility") of the all persons reasonably foreseen to be directly or indirectly (but rather immediately) affected by the action or policy.
Keep in mind, that different people often identify benefits and harms differently.
The principle states: "Of any two actions, the more ethical one will produce the greater balance of benefits over harms."
Virtue Approach: Important Points:
Focuses on attitudes, dispositions, or character traits that enable us to be and to act in ways that develop our human potential.
Keep in mind, different communities may identify differing virtues.
The principle states: "What is ethical is what develops moral virtues in ourselves and our communities."
Fairness or Justice Approach: Important Points:Focuses on how fairly or unfairly our actions distribute benefits and burdens among the members of a group.
Fairness requires consistency in the way people are treated.
The principle states: "Treat people the same unless there are morally relevant differences between them."
Common Good Approach: Important Points:Presents a vision of society as a community whose members are joined in a shared pursuit of values and goals they hold in common.
The community is comprised of individuals the whose own good is inextricably bound to the good of the whole.
The principle states: "What is ethical is what advances the common good."
This will ensure that the manager does not make any decision which is unfair, illegal and unethical
Conflict of intrests
while the consequences of your action in first warning him and then taking stern action will be useful for everyone including the office culture. According to the duty frame work, you should consider it your duty to warn and take strict disciplinary action against an errant staff of your office. The virtue frame work focuses on the virtuous qualities. In this case, the conduct of X is not virtuous, while your conduct in speaking to X so that he improves his conduct is a virtuous act.
The case of Pavlik highlights the ethical conflicts one may face between private and public relationships: Pavlik's duty towards the nation had overridden his love for family, in that he exposed his father's wrong deeds to the state authorities
However, from the perspective of your duty, you should give up the decision making once it is known to you that one of the tenders has come from your brother in law because that is the official code of conduct followed in most of the organizations. Alternatively, you should inform your boss of this development and then wait for further instructions from him. If he requests you to take the decision, you should go into the merits of the tenders and select the best among them even if it happens to come from your brother in law.
Ethics in Public Relations has now become a vital function affecting management decisions and influencing public opinion in every public or private organisation. Today, it is indispensable for any organisation. The reasons for it being so are as follows:
Advancement in telecommunication and transport.
Opening up of traditionally closed societies and increasing globalisation.
Recognition of right of expression and freedom of information.
Governments employing Public Relations practice for staying in power, development task, etc. for
Growth in business, amalgamations, collaborations, operating with subsidiaries, spreading across national boundaries and in different cultures.
Unethical act in public relations may include:
Suppressing unfavourable news
Misrepresenting facts
Postponing to serve a cause but actually serving some other interest
Promising results that cannot be obtained
Use of undesirable method towards pressurising editors for carrying publicity material.
Selflessness
Public officials should take decisions solely in terms of the public interest. They should not do so in order to gain financial or other material benefits for themselves, their family or their friends
Integrity
Or Holders of public office should not place themselves under any financial other obligation to outside individuals or organisations that might influence them in the performance of their official duties.
Objectivity
In carrying out public business, including making public appointments, awarding contracts or recommending individuals for rewards and benefits, holders of public office should make their choice on merit.
Accountability
to Holders of public office are accountable for their decisions and actions to the public and must submit themselves whatever scrutiny is appropriate to their office.
Openness
Holders of public office should be as open as possible about all the decisions and actions that they take. They should give reasons for their decisions and restrict information only when the wider public interest demands it.
Honesty
give and restrict information only when the wider public interest demands it.
Holders of public office have a duty to declare any private interests relating to their public duties and to take steps to resolve any conflicts arising in a way that protects the public interest.
Leadership
Holders of public office should promote and support these principles by leadership and example.
What guidelines can public relations practitioners follow to avoid moral and ethical conflicts?
1. Be aware of ethics in public relations: Professionals in the field of public relations must have knowledge of and focus on ethics before they encounter a situation of difficult moral decision. It will be too late to seek moral guidance after a crisis of conflicting interest arises. Practitioners must be fully familiar with the ethical values of their organizations before these values are put under public scrutiny.
2. Be Aware of your values: Public relations practitioners should be totally aware of their own values. Taking stock of their own values as individuals and practitioners of public relations will be of immense help at the moment when these values are put under pressure by a client, a supervisor, or by the public.
3. Be able to identify sticky situations: Be vigilant of and identify issues that have the potential to become ethical dilemmas. The failure to identify and act on ethical issues will often result in costly failures and public relations debacles for the organization concerned. Early identification of ethical
issues will allow more time for analysis, discussion, research, and resolution of these issues. A proactive position is easier to take rather than merely reacting to issues that have been brought to light by the public or by media.
4. Walk the talk of the mission statement: Public relations professionals should be aware of the fundamental values inherent in the organization's mission statement or code of ethics. The ethical approach nearest to organizational values should be focussed on. The function of public relations in this area would be to encourage discussion and ethical debate throughout the organization by using internal communications.
5. Train your staff well: Educating top level management on the capabilities on public relations beyond media relations in the resolution and prevention of ethical dilemmas can contribute to the success of the organization by the utilization of issues management, relationships with the public, and conflict resolution methods.
Pr practitioners
Provide truthful information
Offering authenticate context
Advising leaders about there decsion steps ethical mistep point out and also how public and press will judge thus descion
Fellow sponsors should reveal involvement of all parties to all sponsors
Ethics in Public administration
Maxim of Legality and Rationality: An administrator will follow the law and rules that are framed to govern and guide various categories of policies and decisions.
Maxim of Responsibility and Accountability: An administrator would not hesitate to accept responsibility for his decisions and actions. He would hold himself morally responsible for his actions and for the use of his discretion while making decisions. Moreover, he would be willing to be held accountable to higher authorities of governance and even to the people who are the ultimate beneficiaries of his decisions and actions.
Maxim of Work Commitment: An administrator would be committed to his duties and perform his work with involvement, intelligence and dexterity. As Swami Vivekananda observed: "Every duty is holy and devotion to duty is the highest form of worship." This would also entail a respect for time, punctuality and fulfilment of promises made. Work is considered not as a burden but as an opportunity to serve and constructively contribute to society.
Maxim of Excellence: An administrator
would ensure the highest standards of quality in administrative decisions and actions and would not compromise with standards because of convenience or complacency. In a competitive international environment, an administrative system should faithfully adhere to the requisites of Total Quality Management.
Maxim of Fusion: An administrator would rationally bring about a fusion of individual, organisational and social goals to help evolve unison of ideals and imbibe in his behavior a commitment to such a fusion. In a situation of conflicting goals, a concern for ethics should govern the choices made.
Maxim of Responsiveness and Resilience:
An administrator would respond effectively to the demands and challenges from the external as well as internal environment. He would adapt to environmental transformation and yet sustain the ethical norms of conduct. In situations of deviation from the prescribed ethical norms, the administrative system would show resilience and bounce back into the accepted ethical mould at the earliest opportunity.
Maxim of Utilitarianism: While making and implementing policies and decisions, an administrator will ensure that these lead to the greatest good (happiness, benefits) of the greatest number.
Maxim of Compassion: An administrator, without violating the prescribed laws and rules, would demonstrate compassion for the poor, the disabled and the weak while using his discretion in making decisions. At least, he would not grant any benefits to the stronger section of society only because they are strong and would not deny the due consideration to the weak, despite their weakness.
Maxim of National Interest: Though universalistic in orientation and liberal in outlook, a civil servant, while performing his duties, would keep in view the impact of his action on his nation's strength and prestige. The Japanese, the Koreans, the Germans and the Chinese citizens (including civil servants), while performing their official roles, have at the back of their mind a concern and respect for their nation. This automatically raises the level of service rendered and the products delivered
Maxim of justice: Those responsible for formulation and execution of policies and decisions of governance would ensure that respect is shown to the principles of equality, equity, fairness, impartiality and objectivity and no special favours are doled out on the criteria of status, position, power, gender, class, caste or wealth.
Maxim of Transparency: An administrator will make decisions and implement them in a transparent manner so that those affected by the decisions and those who wish to evaluate their rationale, will be able to understand the reasons behind such decisions and the sources of information on which these decisions were made.
Maxim of Integrity: An administrator would undertake an administrative action on the basis of honesty and not use his power, position and discretion to serve his personal interests and the illegitimate interests of other individuals or groups.
Ethics in private relationship are generally directed by religion social norms law of land universal human values individual virtues
Corruption will not conceal itself.
The public can, as its right and duty, in every case of justifiable suspicion, call its servants to strict account, dismiss them, sue them in a law court or appoint an arbitrator or inspector to scrutinize their conduct, as it likes.
People don't care about a public servant's rank/position.
Ethics issues in public relations govern by moral codes Religious institution constitutional provisions
In the above cases most of us might be tempted to do the action that benefits us because there is nothing to fear. This is best expressed in Plato's Republic in the Tale of Ring of Gyges
1. Scope of a code
Standards for the behaviour and professional practice of teachers
Code of ethics A set of inspirational goals based around values
Code of conduct A more detailed set of standards for professional and personal conduct based on the values set in the code of ethics
Standards of professional practice A set of standards, which apply to all registered teachers, that articulate what all teachers should be able to do
A public servant must always put the common good ahead of any personal, financial, or political benefit they might receive from a decision about such matters as where to situate a park or who should collect the garbage. Also, conflicts of interest interfere with the basic ethical principle of fairness-treating everyone the same. A public official should not take unfair advantage of his or her position by voting on a matter that could benefit them at the expense of
others.
Finally, conflicts of interest undermine trust. They make the public lose faith in the integrity of governmental decision-making processes. Conflict of interest may arise.
with a public official whose personal interests conflict with his/her professional position.
with a person who has a position of authority in one organization that conflicts with his or her interests in another organization
with a person who has conflicting responsibilities.
The Seven Principles Underpinning Public Life ,
In 1995, the Committee on Standards in Public Life defined seven principles, which should underpin the actions of all who serve the public in any way.
These are:
Selflessness: Holders of public office
should take decisions solely in terms of public interest. They should not do so in order to gain financial or other material benefits for themselves, their family, or other friends.
Integrity: Holders of public office should
not place themselves under any financial or other obligation to outside individuals or organisations that might influence them in the performance of their official duties.
. Objectivity: In carrying out public business,including making public appointments, awarding contracts, or recommending individuals for rewards and benefits, holders of public office should make choices on merit.
Accountability: Holders of public office are accountable for their decisions and actions to the public and must submit themselves to whatever scrutiny is appropriate to their office.
Openness: Holders of public office should be as open as possible about all the decisions and actions that they take
They should give reasons for their decisions and restrict information only when the wider public interest clearly demands.
Honesty: Holders of public office have a
duty to declare any private interests relating to their public duties and to take steps to resolve any conflicts arising in a way that protects the public interest. Leadership Holders of public office should promote and support these principles by leadership and example.
Sources of values
Self respect justice courage happiness peace satisfaction truth responsibility traditionally and culture intelligence honesty respect for others
Values are beliefs. But they are beliefs tied inextricably to emotion, not objective, cold ideas.
Values are a motivational construct. They refer to the desirable goals people strive to attain.
Values transcend specific actions and situations. They are abstract goals. The abstract nature of values distinguishes them from concepts like norms and attitudes, which usually refer to specific actions, objects, or situations.
Values guide the selection or evaluation of actions, policies, people, and events. That is, values serve as standards or criteria.
Values are ordered by importance relative to one another. People's values form an ordered system of value priorities that characterize them as individuals. This hierarchical feature of values also distinguishes them from norms and attitudes.
Self-Direction. Independent thought and action; choosing, creating, exploring.
2. Stimulation. Excitement, novelty, and challenge in life.
3. Hedonism. Pleasure and sensuous gratification for oneself.
4. Achievement. Personal success through demonstrating competence according to social standards.
5. Power. Social status and prestige, control or dominance over people and resources.
6. Security. Safety, harmony, and stability of society, of relationships, and of self.
7. Conformity. Restraint of actions, inclinations, and impulses likely to upset or harm others and violate social expectations or norms.
8.Tradition. Respect, commitment, and acceptance of the customs and ideas that traditional culture or religion provide the self.
9.Benevolence. Preserving and enhancing the welfare of those with whom one is in frequent personal contact (the 'in-group')
10. Universalism, Understanding, appreciation, tolerance, and protection for the welfare of all people and for nature.
Buddhist ethics
To undertake the training to avoid taking the life of beings.
To undertake the training to avoid taking things not given.
To undertake the training to avoid sensual misconduct.
To undertake the training to refrain from false speech.
To undertake the training to abstain from substances which cause intoxication and headlessness.
To abstain from taking food at inappropriate times.
To abstain from dancing, singing, music and entertainments as well as refraining from the use of perfumes, ornaments and other items used to adorn or beautify the person.
To abstain from using high or luxurious beds.
Socrates (as seen through the lens of Plato) can be said to espouse the following ideas about happiness:
All human beings naturally desire happiness Happiness is obtainable and teachable through human effort
Happiness is directive rather than additive: it depends not on external goods, but on how we use these external goods (whether wisely or unwisely)
Happiness depends on the "education of desire" whereby the soul learns how to harmonize its desires, redirecting its gaze away from physical pleasures to the love of knowledge and virtue
Virtue and Happiness are inextricably linked, such that it would be impossible to have one without the other.
Role of institutions in incucating values
Role of schools a) Developing self-respect, awareness of self- growth, one's uniqueness, self-confidence.
b) Promoting selflessness, cooperative spirit, spirit of sharing and empathy.
c) Imparting clear direction on cleanliness, punctuality, use of refined language, courtesy, proper manner, respect for elders.Knowing of surroundings -visiting slum villages, hospitals, orphanages, old people homes.
Promoting civic scene, awareness of one
nese as a member of a community, civic duties Seeking to realize one's potentialities ang talents, disciplined learning in academis sports, cultivating the scientific temper. Independent thinking, not blindly following
others.
Exposure to great personalities. Knowledge of the Constitution, rights, and duties.
Protection of environment.
Dissemination of cultural heritage. Awareness of good point in other religions.
Ethics
m) Appreciating the useful views of others and their cultural traditions.
Role of teachers The teacher is the narrator of the skills to live the life completely and is supposed to act as the friend, philosopher and guide.
Honesty, morality, truth, nonviolence should be the forte as the learners copy the behaviour of their teachers.
He should have competency, methodology strategy, technique of teaching and innovative skills at command to organize learning.
He requires explaining the social and the national heritage, culture, civilization and its useful values to the modern adolescents
Role of family Establishing a Foundation for the Family Influencing Decision Making: Guidance for Raising Children
Protection from Outside Influences Giving Family Meaning Helping Guide People in Relationships
Aims in education
Social ,behavioural, Religious, environmental
Values inculcated at school
Physical, psychological, civic, social, moral, academic, vocational, cultural, Aesthetic and recreational, disciplinary, value of oneness
Role of Institutions in inculcating values
Role of Educational Institution
Fostering universal
core values Integrity Discipline Justice
Promoting values in society Developing values in individuals
Role of Society Civilization
Inculcate
Civic Consciousness
Patriotism discipline
Role of Family Child's attitude towards people and society Supports child's aspiration and good values Aids intellectual grow in child First and major agency of socialization
It is very important to be ethical in the performance of one's duty. An unethical person can only bring harm to the society, because professional competency, devoid of an ethical base, can only be a home for various vices. An ethical person would strive for the common good, even if he lacks in the high standards of his profession. While an ethical and highly competent person is seen as an ideal; a person with no ethical principles but having high professional competency can well become a bane for the society.
An administrator ace very tough decisions in his/her live work. Ethics help ensure the propriety o such actions. Allegiance to a high degree of ethical standards puts the actions of the administrator above suspicion and/o, impeachment. Ethics ensure integrity and transparency amongst administrators thus making them perform their duties more efficiently and effectively. Administrator serve to protect public interest; hence acting in an ethical manner while taking decisions that affect a multitude of people is of utmost importance.
only concentration on ethical values and codification of norms can provide a durable solution. The extreme regulation and discipline of life can obviate the sorrow and plight of life. Buddha also gave a positive message that there is no option when one believes in extremity and if you have no options then you are bound to suffer. Therefore, one should adopt a middle path to every dimension of life so that you can have a choice.
In order to prepare to tread on the virtuous path, we must listen to the voice of conscience and not ignore it even if the choice is difficult. In other words, if the voice says don't lie to save your friend but the common sense says lie to save your friend and earn his regard, we must heed the inner voice and stick to it even if it means loss of friendship, reputation or monetary gains
Ethics are rule of conduct that shows how our society expects us to behave and are the guiding principles behind desirable action and the creation of laws. Based on society's ethics, laws are
While laws carry with them a punishment for violations, ethics do not. In ethics everything depends on the person's conscience and self worth.
Therefore, the company operating in such a culture may develop a code of conduct according to which gifts up to a certain fixed amount from one of the stakeholders may not be seen as bribery. This is an example of ethical management.
Management of ethics on the other hand is the development of code or policy to train people or employees in ethical conduct.
To discriminate against someone means to single out or make a distinction about that person. Discrimination becomes unlawful in the workplace
Preference turns into discrimination if favorable treatment is shown to a person based on individual traits and characteristics. In India, preferential treatment has been made legitimate by law for some categories of candidates because they have been socially and economically discriminated for thousands of years.
Personal ethics involve your morals and values. They are instilled generally, during childhood, by your parents, family, and friends. They relate to your deep-rooted principles; and how religiously you follow them determines the kind of person you are
Professional ethics involve a strict code of conduct laid down at the workplace. Your ethics here involve adherence to rules and regulations. Non-compliance to such rules may risk your reputation, as your behaviour will immediately be reported as brash and unprofessional
Mahatma gandhi concept of 7sins
Wealth without work
Pleasure without conscience
Knowledge without character
Commerce business without morality ethic
Science without humanity
Religion without sacrifice
Politics without principle
There exists a fine line of difference between law and ethics. The former is the systematic set of universally accepted rules and regulation created by appropriate authority, i.e. government, which may be regional, national and international. Talking about the latter, they are the principles that guide a person or society, created to decide what is good or bad. For a layman, these two terms are same, but the fact is that there are a number of distinguishing points amidst these two terms.
Ambitious dictators have no principles. They are more interested in their selfish
desires for personal luxury and wealth. They are mostly corrupt, but ambitious democratic leaders are interested in the welfare of their society and growth of their people. They are guided by the principles of service to the nation
Therefore, ends justifying means or means justifying ends are not always presented as black and white issue. So under normal circumstance I would take the position that means justify the ends but under extreme circumstances which are of the emergency nature I will take the position that ends justify the means.
"Anger and intolerance are the enemies of correct understanding."
-Mahatma Gandhi
When you are angry you cannot think clearly. When you cannot tolerate something you are ignoring it and refusing to see it for what it really is. It's like you're fleeing from your problems, and fleeing doesn't change your thinking patterns or help you to change
Falsehood and truth in the human world are not without some goal or motive. The speaker who uses falsehood has usually an ulterior or negative motive but that is not always the case. Falsehood also has a propaganda value. However, when falsehood is spoken with a positive motive in order to bring about a common good, it has the status of truth. In the case of two examples described above we can say that falsehood takes the place of truth when it results in unblemished common good
Legal wrong is not equivalent to moral or ethical wrong. For ethical justification of Snowden's action, we will have to examine whether his actions cause more good than harm. Does the leakage of confidential document endanger the nation? Did it make the state more vulnerable to terrorist attacks or more vulnerable in any other way? On the contrary, it may be noticed that the leakage of data makes the society more democratic than it had been. It makes the State more responsible towards the citizens than it had been
In the present case, it is noted that when people are informed about what is being done against them by the State and how the State collects information on them, people are more satisfied than when they wanted to know about the activities of the state but had no means of knowing the same. Therefore, it can be claimed that the action of Snowden is a moral action
Secondly, Snowden's actions do not treat human beings or people as means to some end but an end in itself. In this case, Snowden takes the risk to inform the dark secrets of the government, which means he is treating people as an end.
When the hatred between individuals and communities becomes all-pervasive in a society it can destroy a nation's spirit and could further hurt social capital and cooperation among citizens. This dangerous trend these days can often be found reflected in the social media in our own nation
RULES are a set of instructions to help people Jive and work together.
LAW is a set of legal rules designed to help keep order, protect property, and keep people safe.
Law and morals act and react upon each other in the legal system. Morals have provided a basis for the development of law by virtue of justice, equity, good faith and conscience.
The countries should refrain from dehumanising refugees and should not refuse to recognize their suffering. Rather they should be given a fair treatment, so that they can live happily and enjoy their basic human right to life.
The ethics of dispute resolution are the rules and codes of behavior by which acceptable practice is defined. Both rules and codes of practice vary according to the subject matter of the dispute, the type of process that is being used, the role of the person governed by the rule or code, and the location (or culture
Ethical theories ch 2
Moral judgments about actions being right or wrong;
2. Moral judgments about people being good or bad;
3.(a)Moral judgments about traits of character being good or bad, being virtues or vices.
Ethics of Conduct What short of actions should we perform?Consequentialism The right action is the one that produces the most intrinsic good...For the agent:
Ethical Egoism For evervone affected: Utilitarianism
Deontology The good is defined independently of the rights Kantianism Actions must satisfy the categorical imperative
Aristoteleanism Virtue is a mean between extremes of action or passion
Ethics of Character What sort of people should we be?
that is good in itself, good independently of its consequences, or because it is a means of avoiding about some state of affairs that is bad in itself, bad independently of its consequences
a) the idea of individual rights;
(b) the idea that someone deserves, or does not deserve something;
(c) the idea of fairness;
(d) the idea of a reasonably equitable distribution.
(a) has been illustrated by the case of the doctor, but could be illustrated by many other er cases as well. Consider, for example, massive redistribution of the world's wealth
in his book The Right and the Good (1930), Ross listed the following seven prima facie duties:
1. The obligation to be faithful, including the obligation to keep one's promises;
2. The obligation of reparation -the obligation to repay others when one has harmed them;
3. The obligation of gratitude;
4.
The obligation of non-malfeasance - that is, not to harm others;
5The obligation to treat others fairly and justly;
6The obligation of beneficence that is, to help and benefit others; and
7. The obligation to improve oneself.
Moral rule one should not lie
Virtue being honest
Vice being a liar
Pre-requisite for Ethical scrutiny
Free Will
Knowledge
Voluntary Action
Fear violance
Ignorance
Passion
Pathological status
Habit and temperament
Value system
Ethics and attitudes ch 3
Attitude affective behavioral cognitive
Abc model of attitude
[ ] Components ,Affect Behavioural intentions Cognition
[ ] Measured by,
Physiological indicators Verbal statements about feelings
Observed behavior Verbal statements about intentions
Attitude scales Verbal statements about beliefs
[ ] Example,
I don't like my boss
I want to transfer to another dept.
I believe my boss plays favorites.
Functions of attitude
Self/ ego expressive
Adaptive
Ego-defensive
Attitude and behaviour
Positive negative selfish, logic kr rational ,
Egoistic, based on belif and values
Functions of politicsl attitude formation
Maintenance of politcal culture
Modification of political culture
Creating political culture
Foundation of present pattern of political system
Continuity and change
Social influence conformity compliance obedience
Moral and politcal attitude
Care/harm fairness/cheating loayalty/betrayal authority/subversion sanctity/degradation liberty/oppression
Your team has won and you should go and receive the prize because you are the captain.
You should send player X to receive the prize because he deserves the credit for his excellent performance.
You should go along with player X to receive the prize, take the prize in your hand and hand it over to X saying he is the real winner of this prize.
You should go to receive the prize and make a strong speech saying that winning and losing is not important but the team spirit is important and it is this team spirit which has won the prize for the team.
There is no clear cut guideline on the distribution of reward money but there is a norm according to which the reward money is distributed among the operational team according to and in proportion to rank.
The reward money should be distributed into two equal halves. One half should- go to the inspector who was the master mind behind the operation. It was his organizational and strategic skill that led to the success of the team. The rest of the money should be divided between the team.
This was an exceptional case in which a constable was killed. Although, the constable was killed even before he could fire a single shot but he was brave enough to be at the forefront and his martyrdom saved the lives of others, so the entire reward money should go to the constable who was killed.
The entire reward money should be deposited in the contingency fund of the police department.
No one should attend the conference because it is the peak of academic session and if any teacher goes to attend the three day seminar, it will hamper the academic progress of the institution. The teaching will suffer and the syllabus cannot be completed
on time.
The head of the department should attend the conference because as the head of the department, he will comeback informed which will be to the advantage of the institution.
The subordinate to the head of the department should attend the conference because, he is the right person to contribute to the conference and comeback enlightened.
The subordinate should not be sent to the conference because he will use this opportunity for personal well being and promotion and not for the department. So, pro the letter should be put on the notice board and suitable candidate should be invited but if the subordinate professor applies to attend the conference his applications should be rejected because all he is interested is his personal name and fame
1. To follow the advice of the management and
manage the situation so that the students are not harmed and the reputation of the college is saved.
The second approach is to let the flying squad/concerned authorities take strict action against the senior lecturer, and the two students, according to the procedure, in a fair way. It will have several advantages such as ensuring my ethical behavior, set right precedent and enhance the reputation of college staff and will check the malpractices by college and some students. Students will stop their protest. However, it will affect my future and the future of two students and the lecturer.
The third option will be to convince the flying squad not to take any action, and thereafter, punishing the boys and the lecturer after conducting an internal enquiry. The advantages here will be that the career of two students will be saved, while saving my career with my ability of crisis management. On the downside, however, student protest will aggravate, and more such in
incidents will follow in future
Aptitude and Foundational values for civil services ch 4
Civil services in India Constitution of India
Sovereignty socialism secularism democracy Republic justice and social, economic and political
All India services act1951
Key objectives of creating AIS were:
Preserving national unity and integrity and uniform standards of administration
Promoting neutrality and objectivity non-political, secular and non sectarian outlook
Ensuring competence, efficiency and professionalism at entry by attracting the best and brightest
Maintaining integrity & idealism throughout the career.
Code ethics 1997
A public servant should:
Uphold the rule of law & respect human rights
Maintain objectivity & transparency in their conduct with the public & in discharge of their duties
Maintain utmost impartiality in respect of service matters
Be accountable for their actions for timeliness of delivery, quality of service, etc., and be accessible to the people
Ensure effective & efficient use of public funds & avoid extravagance.
Not exploit their position of power for any personal gains.
Draft public service bill 2007
Owe allegiance to the Constitution and the law, democracy, nationalism, sovereignty & integrity of India and the security of the nation
Function in apolitical manner, act objectively, impartially, honestly, equitably, and in a fair and just manner
Act with integrity and in a courteous a just manner
Establish high standards, and ewswe quality service, effective workiny an prompt decision making
Be accountable for the decisions
Establish merit as the fundamem principle in employment, promotos and placements
Discharge functions with due regard t diversity of the nation/community and religion but without discrimination of caste, community, religion, gender o class and duly protecting the interes of poor, underprivileged and weaker sections;
Provide honest, impartial and frank advice to political executive;
Ensure that public money is used with utmost economy and care;
International Code of Conduct for Public Officials' has following general principles:
Maxim of Legality and Rationality: An administrator will follow the law and rules that are framed to govern and guide various categories of policies and decisions.
Maxim of Responsibility and Accountability: An administrator would not hesitate to accept responsibility for his decision and actions. He would hold himself morally responsible for his actions and for the use of his discretion while making decisions. Moreover, he would be willing to be held accountable to higher authorities of governance and even to the people who are the ultimate beneficiaries of his decisions and actions.
Maxim of Work Commitment: An administrator would be committed to his duties and would perform his work with involvement, intelligence and dexterity. It is well explained by Swami Vivekananda. He observed, "Every duty is holy and devotion to duty is the highest form of worship." This would also entail a respect for time, punctuality and fulfillment of promises made. Work is considered not as a burden but as an opportunity to serve and constructively contribute to society.
Maxim of Excellence: A bureaucrat would ensure the highest standards of quality in administrative decisions and action and would not compromise with standards because of convenience or
complacency. In a competitive international ment, an administrative environment, ve system should faithfully adhere to the requisites of Total Quality Management.
Maxim of Fusion: An administrator would reasonably bring about a combination of individual, organisational and social goals to help evolve agreement of ideals and imbibe in his behaviour a commitment to such a fusion. In situation of conflicting goals, a concern for ethics should govern the choices made.
Maxim of Responsiveness and Resilience: An administrator would respond successfully to the demands and challenges fronı the external as well as internal environment. He would adapt to environmental transformation and yet sustain the ethical norms of conduct. In situations of deviation from the prescribed ethical norms, the administrative system would show flexibility and bounce back into the accepted ethical mould at the earliest opportunity.
Maxim of Utilitarianism: While devising and implementing policies and decisions, an administrator will certify that these lead to the greatest good (happiness, benefits) of the greatest number.
Maxim of Compassion: An administrator. without violating the prescribed laws and rules, would establish compassion for the poor, the disabled and the weak while using his discretion in making decisions. At least, he would not grant any benefits to the stronger section of society only because they are strong and would not deny the due consideration to the weak, despite their weakness.
Maxim of National Interest: Though universalistic in orientation and liberal in outlook, a civil servant, while performing his duties, would keep in view the impact of his action on his nation's strength and prestige.
Maxim of Justice: Executives who are responsible for formulation and execution of policies and decisions of governance would ensure that respect is shown to the principles of equality, equity, fairness, impartiality and objectivity and no special favours are given on the criteria of status, position, power, gender, class, caste or wealth.
Maxim of Transparency: An administrator will make decisions and implement them in a transparent manner so that those affected by the decisions and those who wish to evaluate their rationale, will be able to understand the reasons behind such decisions or the sources of information on which these decisions were made.
Maxim of Integrity: An administrator would accept an administrative action on the basis of honesty and not use his power, positi position and discretion to serve his personal interest or the illegitimate interests of other individuals or groups.
Categories of public service values
Ethical
Integrity
Fairness
Accountability Loyalty
Excellence
Respect
Honesty
Probity
Democratic
Rule of law
Neutrality
Accountability Loyalty
Openness
Responsiveness
Responsiveness
Representativeness
Legality
Professional
Effectiveness
Efficiency
Service Leadership
Excellence
Innovation
Innovation Quality
Creativity
People
Caring
Fairness
Tolerance Decency
Compassion
Courage Benevolence
Humanity
General social values:
Public sector's contribution to society: Common good, altruism, sustainability, regime dignity.
Transformation of interests to decisions: Majority rule, user democracy, protection of minorities.
Relationship between public administrators and politicians: Political loyalty.
Relationship between public administrators and their environment: Openness-secrecy, advocacy- neutrality, competitiveness-cooperativeness.
Organisational values
Intra-organisational aspects of public administration: Robustness, innovation, productivity, self-development of employees.
Behaviour of public sector employees: Accountability.
Relationship between public administration and the citizens: Legality, equity, dialogue, user orientation.
Problem of public service values
Mechanism for articulation and and aggregation of values have broken down.
Imperfect monopolies occur.
Benefit hording occurs.
There is a scarcity of providers of public values.
A short time horizon threatens public value.
A focus on sustainability of assets threatens conservation of public resources.
Market transactions threatens fundamenral human subsistence.
Challenges to values
1. New modes of governance
2. Market-based reforms
3. Politicisation
4. Agencification
5. Decentralisation/relocation
6. Changes in HRM and recruitment
7. ICT.
The Government of India encourages values and a certain standard of ethics required by and facilitating every civil servant, such as:
1. To discharge official duty with responsibility, honesty, accountability and without discrimination.
2. To guarantee effective management, leadership development and personal growth.
3. To avoid misuse of official position or information.
4. To serve as instruments of good governance and foster social economic development.
Attributes of good governance
Accountable transparent responsive participatory follow rule of law effective and efficient equitable and inclusive consensus oreinted
Main pillars of good governance
Ethos (of service to the citizens)
Ethics (Honesty, Integrity, and Transparency)
Equity (Treating all citizens alike with empathy for weaker sections
Efficiency (Speedy and effective delivery of service without harassment and using ict increasingly).
4th Report of the 2nd ARC: Ethics in Governance.
Ethical Framework
The standards set in politics profoundly influence those in other aspects of governance.
High standards of ethical conduct were an integral part of the freedom struggle. Unfortunately, ethical capital started getting eroded after the transfer of power.
Widespread view that much more needs to be done to cleanse our political system.
Criminalization of politics- participation of criminals in the electoral process' is the pro soft underbelly of our political system.
The opportunity to influence crime investigations and to convert the policemen from being potential adversaries to allies is the irresistible magnet drawing criminals to politics.
The elected position and the substantial protection that it can give, helps a criminal either to further and expand his activities or to evolve into an entity with higher political ambitions.
As for political parties, individuals with criminal antecedents bring into the electoral process, their ability to secure votes through use of money and muscle power.
Large, illegal and illegitimate expenditure in elections is another root cause of corruption.
Despite all the laws in the functioning of a democracy, it has a measure of self correction. Significant efforts have been made over the last two decades to bring about meaningful electoral reforms.
the following seven principles of public life (OHIOSAL)
Objectivity
Honesty
Integrity
Openness
Selflessness
Accountability
Leadership
Krenneth Kernaghan (1976) outlined a model
of political neutrality in a parliamentary srem of government in the following way: Politics and policy are separated from administration. Thus, politicians make policy decisions; public servants execute these decisions
(n) Public servants are appointed and promoted on the basis of merit, rather than on the basis of of party affiliation or contributions.
(ii) Public servants do not engage partisan political activities.
(iv) Public servants do not publicly express their personal views on government policies or administration.
(v) Public servants provide forthright and objective advice to their political masters in private and in confidence. In return, political executives protect the anonymity of public servants by publicly accepting responsibility for departmental decisions.
(vi) Public servants execute policy decisions loyally and zealously, irrespective of the philosophy and programs of the party in power and regardless of their personal opinions. As a result, public servants enjoy security of tenure during good behaviour and satisfactory performance.
Recruitment, promotions or even terminations should be completely free of any kind of political influence and done purely on merit basis.
All public officials should perform their duties in an impartial manner.
Kenneth Kernaghan has put forth a model of political neutrality which suggests the following:
Politics and policy are completely separate from administration. While politicians take policy decisions, it is the public officials which put them in execution.
All public officials are recruited purely on merit basis and not depending on any political inclination or affiliation.
Public officials do not engage in any partisan politics.
Public officials do not express their personal views on government policies and administration.
Public officials give correct and objective advice to their political masters.
All policies are implemented with full zeal and enthusiasm keeping all personal biases at the side
Integrity;
Perseverance
Spirit of Service
Commitment
Courage of Conviction
Objectivity empathy
Impartiality
Conflict of interest in the public sector arises when
(a) official duties,
(b) public interest, and
(c) personal interest are taking priority one above the other.
How can this conflict in administration be resolved? Describe with an example.
a) Transparency
(b) Accountability
(c) Fairness and justice
(d) Courage of conviction
(e) Spirit of service
The three basic values of civil services universal in nature are (i) Integrity (ii) Impartiality and (iii) Empathy.
Conflict of intrest
Nepotism
self dealing
In the given case there will be a large number of conflicts of interest as identified below:
(i)conflict of interest between the planning department and the execution department
(ii) conflict of interest between the minister and the public servant
(iii) conflict of interest between the public (farmers) and the civil servant
The following options are available with Ashok
(i) He should handover the investigative report to the CMD
(ii) He should not handover the investigative report to the CMD
(iii) He should look for alternative media houses to publish the report
(iv) He should approach the police (where the FIR was lodged) with his report
(v) He should write to the Ministry of Home Affairs at the centre.
(b) Option (i) is unethical even if it means better future prospects for Ashok including waiving off of the loan, but this approach should be avoided because it is unethical
Option (ii) is the right option but if Ashok stops there nothing is served. Therefore, he should look for other options so that his story is published and the culprits are punished.
Option (iii) opens a possibility to publish the report on the basis of which the police will be forced to take action against the mafia.
Option (iv) is also an ethical approach but depending on several factors, there is a possibility that nothing will come of it.
Option (v) while being the right approach may get lost in the bureaucratic maze. (c) The ethical dilemmas being faced by Ashok are as follows:
A safe and prosperous career the prospect of the loss of job.
vs.
(ii) Personal and family benefits with unethical conduct vs. Personal and family suffering with ethical conduct
(iii) To fight or not fight against the corrupt authorities and police
(iv) To act as a journalist or as a social activist. As a journalist, his role is only to report. As a social activist, he will be fighting the case against all odds.
The best option for Ashok is to get the story published in other media outlets. This might possibly lead to police action and further action against the mafia involved in illegal mining and murder of a police officer.
(e) (i) Identification of illegal mining sector
(ii) Constant vigilance and the presence of sufficient force at these sites round the clock.
(iii) Equipping the police force in these areas with night vision devices and other technical tools.
(iv) To activate the quick response team 24x7 whenever needed.
(v) Training in handling technical gadgets, training in combat, and use of communication tools along with training to handle weapons.
Emotional intelligence ch 5
Emotional intelligence is an essential part of the whole person.
IQ-eq-personality
Personal competence what i see self awareness ,what i do self manegment
Social competence i see social awareness, i do relationship management
Emotional intelligence is the foundation for critical skills. eq
Empathy social skills Accountability trust flexibility customer service communication stress tolerance anger management presentation skills change tolerance team work time management decisions making
a form of social intelligence that involves the ability to monitor one's own and others' feelings and emotions, to discriminate among them, and to use this information to guide one's thinking and action
Personal skills or Competences
How we manage ourselves
Self-awareness
Emotional awareness
Accurate self-assessment
Self-confidence
Self-regulation
Self-control
Trustworthiness
Conscientiousness
Adaptability
Innovation
Motivation
Achievement drive
Commitment
Initiative
Optimism
Social skills or Competences
How we handle relationships with others
Empathy
Understanding others
Developing others
Service orientation
Leveraging diversity
Political awareness
Social Skills
Influence
Communication
Conflict management
Leadership
Change catalyst
Building bonds
Collaboration and cooperation
Team capabilities
The Framework
The emotional competence framework is divided into 5 clusters essential to emotional intelligence. It provides a description of each area that can be linked to the emotional intelligence questionnaire.
Personal Competence
SELF - AWARENESS
Emotional awareness: Recognising one's emotions and their effects. People with this competence:
Know which emotions they are feeling and why
Realise the links between their feelings and what they think, do, and say
Recognise how their feelings affect their performance
Have a guiding awareness of their values and goals A Publicatio
strengths and limits. People with this competence are:
Aware of their strengths and weaknesses Reflective, learning from experience
Open to candid feedback, new perspectives, continuous learning, and self-development
Able to show a sense of humor and perspective about themselves
Self-confidence: Sureness about one's self-worth and capabilities. People with this competence:
Present themselves with self-assurance; have presence.
Can voice views that are unpopular and go out on a limb for what is right
Are decisive, able to make sound decisions despite uncertainties and pressures
SELF- MANAGEMENT/REGULATION
Self-control: Managing disruptive emotions and impulses. People with this competence:
Manage their impulsive feelings and distressing emotions well
Stay composed, positive, and unflappable even in trying moments
Think clearly and stay focused under pressure
Trustworthiness: Maintaining standards of honesty and integrity. People with this competence:
Act ethically and are above reproach Build trust through their reliability and authenticity
Admit their own mistakes and confront unethical actions in others
Take tough and principled stands even if they are unpopular
Conscientiousness: Taking responsibility for personal performance. People with this competence:
Meet commitments and keep promises Hold themselves accountable for meeting their objectives
Are organised and careful in their work
Adaptability: Flexibility in handling change. People with this competence:
Smoothly handle multiple demands, shifting priorities, and rapid change
Adapt their responses and tactics to fit fluid circumstances
Are flexible in how they see events
Innovativeness: Being comfortable with and open to novel ideas and new information.
People with this competence:
Seek out fresh ideas from a wide variety of sources
Entertain original solutions to problems Generate new ideas
Take fresh perspectives and risks in their thinking
SELF - MOTIVATION
Achievement drive: Striving to improve or meet a standard of excellence. People with this competence:
Are results-oriented, with a high drive to
meet their objectives and standards Set challenging goals and take calculated
risks
Pursue information to reduce uncertainty and find ways to do better
Learn how to improve their performance
Commitment: Aligning with the goals of the group or organisation. People with this competence:
Readily make personal or group sacrifices to meet a larger organisational goals
Find a sense of purpose in the larger mission
Use the group's core values in making decisions and clarifying choices
Actively seek out opportunities to fulfil the group's mission
Initiative: Readiness to act on opportunities. People with this competence:
Are ready to seize opportunities
Pursue goals beyond what's required or
expected of them
Cut through red tape and bend the rules when necessary to get the job done
Mobilise others through unusual,
enterprising efforts
Optimism: Persistence in pursuing goals despite obstacles and setbacks. People with this competence:
Persist in seeking goals despite obstacles and setbacks
Operate from hope of success rather than fear of failure
See setbacks as due to manageable circumstance rather than a personal flaw
Social Competence
Relationship Management
Empathy: Sensing others feelings and perspective, and taking an active interest in their concerns. People with this competence:
Are attentive to emotional cues and listen well
Show sensitivity and understand others' perspectives
Help out based on understanding other people's needs and feelings
Service orientation: Anticipating, recognising, and meeting clients' needs.
People with this competence:
Understand others' needs including clients' needs and match them to services or products
Seek ways to increase staff and clients' satisfaction and loyalty
Gladly offer appropriate assistance
Grasp other's perspectives, acting as a trusted advisor
Developing others: Sensing what others need in order to develop, and bolstering their abilities. People with this competence:
Acknowledge and reward people's strengths, accomplishments, and development
Offer useful feedback and identify people's needs for development
Mentor, give timely coaching, and offer assignments that challenge and grow a person's skills.
Leveraging diversity: Cultivating opportunities through diverse people. People with this competence:
Respect and relate well to people from varied backgrounds
Understand diverse worldviews and are sensitive to group differences
See diversity as opportunity, creating an environment where diverse people can thrive
Challenge bias and intolerance
Political awareness: Reading a group's emotional currents and power relationships.
People with this competence:
Accurately read key power relationships Detect crucial social networks
Understand the forces that shape views and actions of clients, stakeholders and /or competitors
Accurately read situations and organisational & external realities
SOCIAL AWARENESS AND SKILLS
tactics
Influence: Wielding effective
persuasion. People with this competence
for
Build rapport well
Are skilled at persuasion
Fine-tune presentations to appeal to the listener
Use complex strategies like indirect influence to build consensus and support
Utilise events to effectively make a point
Communication: Sending clear and convincing messages. People with this competence:
and
Are effective in give-and-take, registering emotional cues in attuning their message
Deal with difficult issues straightforwardly
Listen well, seek mutual understanding, and welcome sharing of information fully
Foster open communication
receptive to bad news as well as good
stay
Leadership: Inspiring and guiding groups and
people. People with this compete
Articulate and arouse enthusiasm for a
shared vision and mission
Step forward to lead as needed, regardless of position
Guide the performance of others while holding them accountable
Lead by example
Change catalyst: Initiating or managing change. People with this competence:
Recognize the need for change and remove barriers
Challenge the status quo to acknowledge the need for change
Champion the change and enlist others in its pursuit
Model the change expected of others
Conflict management: Negotiating and resolving disagreements. People with this competence:
Handle difficult people and tense situations with diplomacy and tact
Spot potential conflicts, bring disagreements into the open, and help deescalate
Encourage dialogue and open discussion Orchestrate win-win solutions
Following more recent research, Goleman added an extra three groups of competencies to the Social Awareness/Skills cluster that are not reflected in the questionnaire but are certainly useful and needed in workplaces.
Building bonds: Nurturing instrumental relationships. People with this competence:
Cultivate and maintain extensive informal networks
Seek out relationships that are mutually beneficial
Build rapport and keep others in the loop Make and maintain personal friendships among work associates
Collaboration and cooperation: Working with others toward shared goals. People with this competence:
Balance a focus on task with attention to relationships
Collaborate, sharing plans, information, and resources
Promote a friendly, cooperative climate Spot and nurture opportunities for collaboration
Team capabilities: Creating group synergy in pursuing collective goals. People with this competence:
Model team qualities like respect, helpfulness, and cooperation
Draw all members into active and enthusiastic participation
Build team identity, esprit de corps, and commitment
Protect the group and its reputation; share credit
Application of emotional intelligence
Head+heart
You Create more joy and satisfaction in your life and family
Leaders Enhance your ability influence and engage teams
Schools Raise young people who are more successful in learning and life
Organizations Tap the human side of high performance
Healthcare Deliver more effective patient care
EQ has twice the power of IQ to predict performance.
EQ is also a better
predictor than
employee skill
knowledge, or
expertise
El training can help to manage conflict which might include:
Overcoming El Differences
Problem solving
Emotional Dynamics
Working Together
El training can help team members learn how:
individual El fits with the El of other team members, managers, clients, etc.
work assignments can be made and accomplished more effectively
to improve communication
to minimize the negative aspects of conflict
to present information most effectively
to design more effective problem solving groups
to assist team members in maximizing their individual and collective strengths
Benefits of using EI in Selection:
Hire the best fit candidate the first time
Put the right person into the right job
Reduce costly wrong hires
Create targeted developmental plans based on the results
Reduce the expense of screening and training candidates who don't stay with the organization
Improve employee satisfaction with the right job fit that plays to their strengths
In conclusion, we can say that Emotional intelligence influences organizational effectiveness in a number of areas
To identify and recruit top talent and retaining them
To identify potential leaders in its ranks and prepare them to move up.
To make better use of the special talents available in a diverse workforce.
Development of talent
Helping people to be motivated, committed, creative, innovative and to cope with massive, rapid change.
Teamwork
Employee commitment, morale, and health
Innovation
Productivity
Efficiency
Sales
Quality of service
Customer loyalty
Client or student outcomes
Making good decisions about new markets, products, and strategic alliances.
Are you emotionally intelligent
You have a robust emotional vocabulary.
You're curious about people.
You embrace change.
You know your strengths and weaknesses.
You're a good judge of character.
You are difficult to offend
You know how to say no (to yourself and others
You let go of mistakes
You give and expect nothing in return.
You don't hold grudges.
You neutralize toxic people. Common ground
You don't seek perfection
You appreciate what you have
You disconnect.
You limit your caffeine intake.
You get enough sleep.
You stop negative self-talk in its tracks.
You won't let anyone limit your joy.
Second Case Study
When you ask the question "What is emotional intelligence?" or "What is EQ?" it can often be answered easily by giving examples of real people who lacked emotional intelligence. Here is one such case involving dimension seven on the Genos emotional intelligence model: emotional self-control. It is an extreme but true story.
While such physically dangerous examples are fortunately rare in the workplace, those who lack emotional self-control occur at all levels in an organization and can be seen high-jacking meetings and negotiations with full-blooded anger outbursts.
The Last Beer
A case study of low emotional intelligence
A young man had only a limited amount of beer in his fridge. His best friend came round to visit. During their conversation he told his friend not to drink his last beer. Later he found his friend had drunk
What would an emotionally intelligent response have been?
To go and buy some more maybe?
To ignore it and enjoy his friend's company?
To have a cup of coffee instead?
To go down the pub together
What Happened?
He had low emotional intelligence and did none of these. He shot his friend dead. He is now in prison serving time for murder.
His rage drove him to short-term action which produced long-term negative consequences.
This is an extreme but clear example of how low emotional intelligence and a poor ability to
control strong emotions in particular, can impact
on a person's behavior, work and life. Being able to control strong emotions such as rage is the seventh dimension of emotional intelligence. It is very hard to build trust without being able to control your strong emotions. If you are in business and want to be successful, building trust is imperative.
How good are you at controlling strong emotions
Emotional intelligence is one of the main factors that decides the effectiveness of our decisions. An emotionally intelligent person can take the decisions in accordance to the needs of time and circumstances.
Moreover, a person, who is emotionally intelligent is aware of his values and principles. Thus, such a person acts in an ethically just way, and acts in an empathetic way. Thus, he ensures that the rights of the others are not violated.
Anger felt when dealing with family members or friends is different because of the ongoing interactions. To address this kind of anger, the self-help strategies that are quickest and easiest to use are avoidance and escape, relaxation, cognitive restructuring and assertive expression.
Emotional intelligence is critical for effective decision making. It enables a leader to be more empathetic, professional & goal-oriented. Now-a-days, organigation take various steps to improve EI among its employees through seminars tests etc. Howevers, El also improves with age due to one's experiences in life.
In case of crisis of conscience does emotional intelligence help to overcome the same without compromising the ethical or moral stand that you are likely to follow? Critically examine. (150 words) (10 marks)
Conseience is our inner voice that tells us the step we ought to take in case of dilemma. When we face a dilemma we are under the crisis of conscience. For example: Arjun faced crisis of conscience in the beginning of Mahabharat.
Emotional intelligence is the quality of empathy or our ability to see a situation from the points of views of different people. Emotional intelligence can therefore help to overcome the situation of crisis of conscience without compromising ethical/moral standards.
Emotional intelligence helps in better understanding of the situation and long-term consequences of one's action (dispel ethical myopia) making it easier to explore desirability and ethicality of any action.
For example: In case of Arjuna, he faced the crisis of conscience when he had to kill his kith and kin. However, when Arjuna's emotional intelligence developed as a result of counselling from Shri Krishna, he became more aware. From the perspective of duty, his action was justified. He was following his conscience when he was following his duty. So, he overcame the crisis of conscience or the dilemma he was facing
Moral thinkers ch 6
public/Civil Service Values & Ethics in Public Administration ch7
In their article "Ethical Breakdowns." they outline five critical factors that can trip anyone up:
but
Ill-Conceived Goals. Inadvertently setting goals that promote a negative behavior. The pressures to maximize billable hours or revenue per customer are both examples of
goals that can promote negative behavior.
Motivated Blindness. We can overlook the ethical behavior of others when it's in our interest to remain ignorant. Baseball officials ignoring the spread of steroid use in their game is a good example of that phenomenon.
Indirect Blindness. We hold others less accountable for unethical behavior when it's carried out by a third party. A drug company licensed one of its marginally profitable specialty drugs to a third party, then raised the manufacturing price, which in turn, led the licensee to raise the consumer price. The company used the licensee to impose a 1,000% price increase, deflecting attention from itself.
The Slippery Slope. We are less able to see others' ethical failings when they happen over time. Auditors may fall prey to to this if a company's question estionable practices accumulated over time, rather than all at once
Overvaluing Outcomes. We give a pass to unethical behavior if the outcome is good. A researcher with fraudulent clinical trial entries is more likely to be given a "pass" if the drug works than if it doesn't.
s it ethical to accept gifts? The answer is yes, if it is not a form of bribe. Bribes come with strings attached and it should not be difficult to judge which is which. Accepting the bribe is worse than offering it legally and morally.
Avance the Public Interest: Promote the of the public and put service to e above service to oneself. Serve ersons with courtesy, respect, and vcation to high standards
Uphold the Constitution and the Law: Aswer and support government stitutions and laws while seeking to rore laws and policies to promote the prove lay public good.
Pomote democratic participation: Inform de public and encourage active engagement governance. Be open, transparent and responsive, & respect and assist all persons it their dealings with public organizations, Be open and transparent while protecting privacy rights and security.
strengthen social equity: Treat all all persons with fairness, justice, and equality and espect individual differences, rights, and freedoms. Act affirmatively to reduce antairness, injustice, and inequality in
Fally Inform and Advise: Provide accurate, honest, comprehensive, and timely information and advice to elected and appointed officials and governing board members, and to organizational superiors.
Demonstrate commitment to duty, principle, and personal integrity: Adhere to the highest standards of conduct to inspire public confidence and trust in public service. Exercise integrity, courage, compassion, benevolence, and optimism.
Promote Ethical Organizations: Strive to attain the highest standards of ethics, stewardship, and public service in organizations that serve the public.
Strive for Professional Excellence: Strengthen individual capabilities to act competently & ethically and encourage the professional development of others.
Devotion to Work,
A sense of Mission and Focus Integrity and Honesty Fearlessness and Courage Spirit of Service and Sacrifice
Arording to Dwight Waldo's theory, civil ants must take into account 12 obligations: servants
Obligations before the constitution; Obligations before the law: Obligations before the nation and country;
Obligations before democracy;
Obligations before the rules of bureaucratic organization;
Obligations before the profession and professionalism;
Obligations before family and friends;
Obligations before itself;
Obligations before come in contact with local;
Obligations before the public interest or general welfare;
Obligations before humanity and world; Obligations before God or religion
Public service bill 2006
Allegiance to the Constitution and the law, democracy, nationalism, sovereignty, integrity of India and the security of the nation:
Function in apolitical manner;
Act objectively, impartially, honestly, equitably, and in a fair and just manner;
Act with integrity and in a courteous and just manner;
Establish high standards, and ensure quality service, effective working and prompt decision making;
Be accountable for the decisions;
Establish merit as the fundamental principle in employment, promotion and placements; Discharge functions with due regard to diversity of the nation/community and religion but without discrimination of caste, community, religion, gender or class and duly protecting the interest of poor, underprivileged and weaker sections;
Provide honest, impartial and frank advice to political executive:
Ensure that public money is used with utmost economy and care;
of good governance
identified by kautilya in
Arthashastra are given below:
An ideal king must merge his individuality with duties
An administrator must guide properly.
An ideal king must avoid extremes without missing the goal.
The king and public servants must get fixed salaties and allowances,
The main duty of the king and servants vants is to maintain law and order. The losses due to heft and corruption should be made good from the king's as well as his servants' salary.
An important duty of king is to to carry out preventive and punitive measures against corrupt officials.
Another important duty of king is to find replacement of ministers by good ones.
Disciplined life with a code of conduct for king and ministers
Arthashastra lays great stress on appointment of Amatyas who were the highest in status. They were selected on merit with great care.
Emulation of administrative qualities like uniformity in administrative practice, competent ministers, the king possessing qualities of leadership, intelligent, good moral conduct and physical powers
Corporate governance
Monitoring, review, communication and consultation
1.Establish the context Decide activities Decide risk criteria Decide risk levels
2.Identify risks
What can happen?
How can it happen
3.Analyse risks
Determie likelihood
and consequence Identify existing controls
4.Evaluate risks
Set risk priorities
Determine the
acceptable level of risk
5.Treat risks
Identify treatment
Prepare treatment implementation plans
Principles of corporate governance
Rights and equitable treatment of sharehele shareholders and help shareholders to exexewe Organizations should respect the nghs o those rights. They can help shareholden exercise their rights by openly and effecwels communicating information and by encowag shareholders to participate in general meeungs.
Interests of other stakeholders: Organization should recognize that they have legal, contractual, social, and market driven obligations to wow shareholder stakeholders, including employee investors, creditors, suppliers, local communites, customers, and policy makers.
Role and responsibilities of the board: The board needs sufficient relevant skills and understanding, to review and challenge management performance. It also needs adequate size and appropriate level of independence and commitment.
Integrity and ethical behavior: Integrity should be a fundamental requirement in choosing corporate officers and board members. Organizations should develop a code of conduct for their directors and executives that promotes ethical and responsible decision making.
Disclosure and transparency: Organizations should clarify and make publicly known the roles and responsibilities of board and management to provide stakeholders with a level of accountability. They should also implement procedures to independently verify and safeguard the integrity of the company's financial reporting. Disclosure of material matters concerning the organization should be timely and balanced to ensure that all investors have access to clear, factual information.
Ehical Dilemmas faced by the Government Officials
Dilemmas Involving Fairness
What matters potentially influence your ability to work in the public interest and reprerepresent all constituents equally and fairly?
Are you favouring family, friends, or neighbors over another petitioner?
Are you favouring a campaign contributor over another constituent?
Can you hire friends or family?
Can you give unpaid internships to friends or family?
Can you appoint friends or family to commissions? Are you disfavouring a constituent who supported an opponent?
Is your vote biased against a proposal of a colleague who worked against your election?
Is your vote biased in favor of a proposal of a colleague who has promised to vote your way on another matter?
Are you favouring the agenda of your party over a policy you believe to be good for the community?
Are you giving all of your constituents equal access?
Are you allowing all parties the right to be heard at public meetings?
What is a fair process for bidders on city contracts? What process is fair in labor negotiations with public employees?
Dilemmas Involving Conflicts between Personal Interests and the Public's Interest
Do you have personal interests that conflict with your duty of loyalty to the public you have been elected to serve?
Are there outside or future employment considerations that conflict with your public duty?
Are there conflicts between your duty to your family that may affect your decision making?
Is the pursuit of personal financial gains taking precedent over good governance?
Is the interest in furthering personal, community, or political relationships conflicting with your public duties?
Do you use the indicia of your office for personal gain?
Do you use public resources for personal or political purposes?
How do you deal with conflicting public duties inherent in serving both as a council member and as a member of a commission, agency, board, or district?
Can you use confidential information learned in
office for purposes outside of official business? Do you recuse yourself from participating in decisions involving parties with whom you have a relationship or subjects in which you have an interest?
Have you resigned from organizations in which membership may give rise to future conflicts?
Do you avoid the appearance of an improper conflict even if you personally believe you can act in an unbiased manner?
Dilemmas Involving the Faithful Execution of your Official Duties
Can you competently fulfill the responsibilities of your office?
Do you diligently attend all meetings to the best of your abilities?
Do you regularly participate in the decision- making process, except when you have a conflict which prohibits your participation?
Have you made yourself knowledgeable on all issues that come before you?
Do you always exercise your independent judgment?
Is it appropriate to ignore staff recommendations and substitute your own judgment? Can you personally investigate issues? When, and how, can you seek outside advice or
counsel on an issue?
Is it proper to introduce sponsored legislation? Do your constituents deserve a public explanation from you on all votes you have cast or decisions you have made?
Is it ethical to delay a decision or obfuscate an opinion because of of timing in an election cycle? Were you elected to use your best judgment?
Were you elected to represent the views of the majority of your constituents?
Were you elected to represent the views of tho who voted for you?
Do you follow the edicts of your party even it they conflict with your personal views?
Is it permissible to introduce legislation solely wo create a record for your campaign?
Is your first commitment to consider the needs of your community, district, city, state, or nation: Should you remain independent when joining a voting bloc, may be more conducive to achiev your policy goals?
Should you ever exchange promises to vote for another's proposed legislation in return for the promise to vote for yours?
What are your obligations to subsequently follow the rule of the majority when you argued for an opposite result?
Are you respectful of staff roles, responsibilities, and time?
Should you be a whistle blower even if means potentially derailing a policy objective you are pursuing?
When you speak with the press, do you distinguish between official representations and personal views
Dilemmas Involving Acting with Integrity
Do you conduct yourself honestly and with the integrity expected from public officials?
Are you truthful in all your dealings with colleagues, constituents, and the press?
Are you willing to speak truth to power?
Are you truthful in all political campaign communications?
Should you use an opponent's voting record out of context?
Should you employ innuendo and inference when
discussing a political or governmental opponent? Do you have the strengths of your convictions and can you withstand pressure to influence your independent judgment?
Can resist temptation to take advantage of position for personal gain?
To what extent can you accept gifts?
To what extent can you allow gifts to family mbers and others associated with you?
Is the offer of college admission or a grant of an or honorary degree to someone close to you dered a gift if you are engaging in matters effect that educational institution?
Is your family member is offered a job by meone with official business before you, is that considered a gift to you?
what extent are contributions to a charity you gror considered gifts to you?
Does it make a difference if you know that a quid pro quo is expected in return for an otherwise eally acceptable gift?
Even if a gift is legally permitted and does not in t compromise you, should you accept it if it reates the appearance of impropriety?
Can you solicit preferential treatment for yourself those close to you?
(in you use political contributions for personal purposes?
should you refuse gifts or political contributions sar the close of the legislative session when most kgislative decisions are made?
How do you deal with a campaign contributor sho is subsequently pushing a specific agenda?
How do you deal with labor negotiations when you have accepted contributions from a public sector union?
Can you enter into a romantic relationship with a colleague or a member of your staff?
Can you enter into a romantic relationship with someone who has business before your governing body?
Can you enter into a romantic relationship with a member of the opposition?
Must you time negative campaign communications so that your opponent has time to respond?
Is developing political IOUs a necessary evil to accomplish your goals
Does your conduct conform to generally accepted principles of civility toward constituents, elected colleagues, and staff?
Dilemmas Involving Accountability
To maintain the public trust, do you act in a manner that is transparent and is accountable to your constituents?
Do you comply with all public record laws? Do you keep proper financial records?
What communications are you required to keep? Do you frequently inform the citizenry of what is happening in your legislative body or agency? Are you responsive to press inquiries?
Are conversations about public business on your private email or personal social media page part of the public record?
Do you have an an ethical duty to admit to wrong doing even if you do not have a legal duty to implicate yourself?
Do you comport with all required open meeting laws?
Can you meet unofficially with union members outside of the collective bargaining process?
Under what circumstances can you meet or communicate with developers?
Under what circumstances can you meet with contractors bidding on public projects?
Are closed Facebook groups where you are friends with other official decision makers considered meetings?
Are sequential emails to individual decision makers considered meetings?
Are comments posted on your personal, campaign, or government blog considered a meeting?
Do you need to make your personal calendar available to the public?
Are conferences attended by you and your colleagues considered meetings?
Are public ceremonial events considered meetings?
Are you allowed to meet socially with colleagues?
Suggested training
1. Yoga and Pranayam
2. Stress coping training
4. Emotional intelligence training
5. Relaxation sessions and mindfulness training
Probity in Governance ch 8
Principles of public life
Code of conduct
Independent scrutiny
Education
All India services conduct rules 1968
Act
Items Examined in a Social Audit
Environmental impact resulting from the company's operations
Transparency in reporting any issues regarding the effect on the public or environment.
Accounting and financial transparency
Community development and financial contributions
Charitable giving
Volunteer activity of employees
Energy use or impact on footprint
Work environment including safety, free of harassment, and equal opportunity
Worker pay and benefits
Nondiscriminatory practices
Diversity
Lexicon of ethics ch 9
Consequentialist Ethics,
(Goal
Ethics:
Utilitarian Ethics)
Basic Approaches
There are many approaches to ethics, but we can group most of them under six different models. These are:
(i) Duty Ethics
i) Outcomes Ethics:
(iii) Natural Law Ethics
(iv) Virtue Ethics (Situation Ethics)
(v) Relativist Ethics (Descriptive ethical relativism, normative ethical relativism)
(v) Critical Realist Ethics
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